Borrelia Miyamotoi

[Henriëtte]

Relapsing Fever;

Relapsing Fever Bacteria

Relapsing fever is caused by certain species of Borrelia, a gram negative bacteria 0.2 to 0.5 microns in width and 5 to 20 microns in length. They are visible with light microscopy and have the cork-screw shape typical of all spirochetes. Relapsing fever spirochetes have a unique process of DNA rearrangement that allows them to periodically change the molecules on their outer surface. This process, called antigenic variation, allows the spirochete to evade the host immune system and cause relapsing episodes of fever and other symptoms. Three species cause TBRF in the United States: Borrelia hermsii, B. parkerii, and B. turicatae. The most common cause is cause is B. hermsii.

https://www.cdc.gov/relapsing-fever/cli ... index.html

Henriëtte

[Henriëtte]

Epidemiology of relapsing fever borreliosis in Europe ;

TBRF begins between 4 and 14 days after the tick bite with an acute onset of high fever, chills, constitutional symptoms and iritis (Johnson & Golightly, 2000). Severity depends on Borrelia species, inoculum density, and underlying medical condition. Children and women appear to have a more intense course of disease (Barbour, 1999). Neurological findings are frequent and may sometimes be severe (Cadavid & Barbour, 1998).

The primary episode usually last 3 days and is followed, after a fever-free interval of 7 days, by multiple other alternating episodes, often shorter and milder. During the febrile periods, numerous borreliae are circulating in the blood (Johnson & Golightly, 2000). This relapsing pattern has been attributed to vmp antigenic variation, and provides a way for borreliae to persist in the host's blood for as long as possible

Each resolution is the consequence of a specific antibody production against the vmp serotype, and each relapse is the consequence of antigenic variation and apparition of a new serotype. Between bacteriemic periods, spirochetes can still be found in certain organs, especially in the central nervous system (Cadavid & Barbour, 1998; Nordstrand et al. 2000).

https://academic.oup.com/femspd/article/48/1/11/530071

Henriëtte

[Henriëtte]

Febris recurrens Richtlijn
[Deze richtlijn bevat arbeidsrelevante informatie.]
Relapsing Fever;

Verwekker: Meerdere Borrelia-soorten behorend tot de Spirochaetales.
Besmettingsweg: LBRF door kleerluis, transplacentair. TBRF door beet van besmette teek, transplacentair. Teek zelf: transovarieel naar nageslacht.

LBRF tot 4 koortsperioden, kan zeer ernstig verlopen met lever- en hartfalen, kan asymptomatisch. TBRF tot 11 koortsperioden, vaak met zeer abrupt hoge koorts, soms meteen al leidend tot coma en dood.

TBRF

TBRF kan veroorzaakt worden door meer dan twintig verschillende Borrelia-soorten. De vector is de Ornithodoros-teek en deze behoort tot de zachte teken (Argasidae). De harde teken (Ixodidae), die onder andere lymeziekte overbrengen, behoren tot een andere taxonomische tekenorde. De serotypering van de Borrelia wordt bepaald door lipoproteïnen op de buitenmembraan. De bacterie muteert frequent waardoor nieuwe serotypen kunnen ontstaan.
Pathogenese

Eenmaal in het bloed aangekomen delen de Borrelia's zich elke 6 tot 12 uur, totdat ze aantallen bereiken van 105-108 per ml bloed. De spirocheten verlaten de bloedbaan waarna ze hersenen, ogen, binnenoor, lever, hart en andere organen binnendringen. Echter, het bloed is tijdens de acute ziekte de belangrijkste plaats waar replicatie plaatsvindt. Antigene variatie verklaart de terugkeer van spirocheten in het bloed, die ook correleert met terugkeren van de klinische verschijnselen. De Borrelia-populatie kan zich aan de immuunrespons van de gastheer onttrekken door het veranderen van antigenen aan de buitenzijde van de bacterie

https://lci.rivm.nl/richtlijnen/febris-recurrens

Henriëtte

[Henriëtte]

Relapsing Fever - Overview;

There are a variety of spirochete species that may cause tick-borne relapsing fever, which are most commonly transmitted by soft-bodied ticks, Ornithodoros

Conventional blood tests may be helpful, but are not diagnostic. What is most helpful is dark field microscopy, enabling the visualization of spirochetes in smears of peripheral blood or cerebrospinal fluid. As the illness course goes on, diagnosis becomes more and more difficult.

https://www.columbia-lyme.org/relapsing-fever

Henriëtte

[Henriëtte]

Larvae of Ixodes ricinus transmit Borrelia afzelii and B. miyamotoi to vertebrate hosts;

We showed that larvae of I. ricinus transmit B. afzelii and B. miyamotoi to rodents and calculated that rodents have a considerable chance of acquiring infections from larvae compared to nymphs. As a result, B. afzelii can cycle between larvae through rodents. Our findings further imply that larval bites on humans, which easily go unnoticed, can cause Lyme borreliosis and Borrelia miyamotoi disease.

https://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentr ... 016-1389-5

Henriëtte

[Henriëtte]

Obstruction to Treatments Meeting International Standards for Lyme and Relapsing Fever Borreliosis Patients;

Lyme and relapsing fever borreliosis are zoonotic diseases. Zoonotic diseases such as relapsing fever disproportionately affect poor and marginalized populations –many of whom practice animal husbandry for their livelihoods. Over 600 million people globally are livestock-dependent and are exposed to ‘spill over’ or vector-transmitted pathogens at the human-animal interface

https://www.ilads.org/wp-content/upload ... 060041.pdf

Henriëtte

[VerlorengezondheidM]

Borrelia miyamotoi: 43 Cases Diagnosed in France by Real-Time PCR in Patients With Persistent Polymorphic Signs and Symptoms

Michel Franck1, Raouf Ghozzi2, Julie Pajaud1†, Nadou E. Lawson-Hogban1†, Marie Mas3, Alexis Lacout4* and Christian Perronne5

Bron: Frontiersin, lees meer

[VerlorengezondheidM]

Borrelia miyamotoi and Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) identification and survey of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks from north-eastern Germany

Cristian Răileanu, Oliver Tauchmann, […]Cornelia Silaghi

Bron: parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com, lees meer

[VerlorengezondheidM]

Borrelia miyamotoi in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus ticks in England

K. M. HANSFORD (a1), M. FONVILLE (a2), S. JAHFARI (a2), H. SPRONG (a2) and J. M. MEDLOCK (a1)

Bron: Cambridge.org, lees meer

[VerlorengezondheidM]

Distribution and survival of Borrelia miyamotoi in human blood components

Authors
Aaron M Thorp 1, Laura Tonnetti 1

Bron: Pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih, lees meer