Syfilis

[Henriëtte]

Lyme disease microbiology;

Lyme disease is caused by spirochetal bacteria from the genus Borrelia. Spirochetes are surrounded by peptidoglycan and flagella, along with an outer membrane similar to other Gram-negative bacteria. Because of their double-membrane envelope, Borrelia bacteria are often mistakenly described as Gram negative despite the considerable differences in their envelope components from Gram-negative bacteria.[38] The Lyme-related Borrelia species are collectively known as Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and show a great deal of genetic diversity.

B. burgdorferi sensu lato is made up of 21 closely related species, but only three clearly cause Lyme disease: B. burgdorferi sensu stricto (predominant in North America, but also present in Europe), B. afzelii, and B. garinii (both predominant in Eurasia).[39][40] Some studies have also proposed B. bissettii and B. valaisiana may sometimes infect humans, but these species do not seem to be important causes of disease.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme_disease

Henriëtte

[Henriëtte]

Difference between Gram positive an Gram negative bacteria;

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gTaZUSvn58

Henriëtte

[Henriëtte]

Why are Gram-negativ bacteria more resistant to antibiotics than Gram-positive bacteria?

The distinctive feature of gram-negative bacteria is the presence of a double membrane surrounding each bacterial cell. Although all bacteria have an inner cell membrane, gram-negative bacteria have a unique outer membrane. This outer membrane excludes certain drugs and antibiotics from penetrating the cell, partially accounting for why gram-negative bacteria are generally more resistant to antibiotics than are gram-positive bacteria.

Mutations & horizontal gene transfer:

Gram-negative bacteria have a great facility for exchanging genetic material (DNA) among strains of the same species and even among different species.
This means that if a gram-negative bacterium either undergoes a genetic change (mutation) or acquires genetic material that confers resistance to an antibiotic, the bacterium may later share its DNA with another strain of bacteria and the second strain can become resistant as well

The Gram-negative bacteria have a high transformation rate, I.e., they have a great facility for exchanging genetic material (DNA) among strains of the same species and even among different species.
This means that if a gram-negative bacterium either undergoes a genetic change (mutation) or acquires genetic material that confers resistance to an antibiotic, the bacterium may later share its DNA with another strain of bacteria and the second strain can become resistant as well.But as the gram negetive bacteria have low transformation rate, so they are less likely to gain antibiotic resistance.

https://www.quora.com/Why-are-gram-nega ... cteria-are

Henriëtte

[Sproetje]

Henriette, even uit deze van Wikipedia over de lengte van Bb:

Morphology Borrelia Burgdorferi;

B. burgdorferi resembles other spirochetes in that it has an outer membrane and inner membrane with a thin layer of peptidoglycan in between. However, the outer membrane lacks lipopolysaccharide. Its shape is a flat wave. It is about 0.3 μm wide and 5 to 20 μm in length.[4]
B. burgdorferi is a microaerobic, motile spirochete with seven to 11 bundled perisplasmic flagella set at each end that allow the bacterium to move in low- and high-viscosity media alike, which is related to its high virulence factor.[5]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi

Daar staat dat ie 20 um (= micrometer - micron) lang kan worden, maar dit onderzoek zegt iets anders:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12214524

[Borrelia burgdorferi s.s. length and its variability].
[Article in Russian]
2002
Naumov RL, Vasil'eva IS, Shtannikov AV, Evsegneev SI.

Abstract
The length of 469 Borreliae burgdorferi s.I. from the Ixodes ricinus and I. persulcatus images collected in the Moscow Region, that of 5433 B. burgdorferi s.s from the I. persulcatus nymphs and images cultured at a laboratory, and B. burdorferi s.s. grown on the BSK-II (1 and 10 passages) were measured. There was a wide range of variations in the length of specimens (3-74 microns) and in those of this group average sizes (10.7-24.8 microns). The lengths of Borelliae from natural and laboratory ticks after their molt were 17-18 microns. When the ticks were kept in the refrigerator as long as 1-2 years, the length of Borreliae decreased to 10.7-10.9 microns, upon multiple (10) passages on the BSK-II medium, their lengths increased to 24.8 microns (the differences being significant). When the length of Borreliae reduced due to their keeping in the refrigerator, their pathogenicity for albino mice diminished. This disappeared after multiple BSK-II medium passages. It is suggested that the length of Borreliae may serve as a marker of their pathogenicity.

T. Pallidum heeft vlgs. dit onderzoek een lengte van tussen de 6 en 15 micron:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2957517/